Reproducción del artículo de Juan Carlos Torre, “Una nueva oposición social”, originalmente publicado en la revista Los Libros. Un mes de publicaciones en América Latina, n° 21, agosto 1971.

Introducción al dossier: “Revisitando el Cordobazo cincuenta años después”.

En los últimos años y por diversos motivos los filósofos han exhibido un creciente interés por la reflexión metafilosófica (una amplia bibliografía así lo manifiesta). Una de las cuestiones metafilosóficas que ha suscitado especial dedicación y ha atraído la atención de filósofos de distintas filiaciones es la cuestión acerca del canon filosófico. ¿En qué consiste? ¿Cómo debe ser concebido? ¿Cómo se constituye? ¿Cómo funciona? ¿Dónde está? ¿Qué relación guarda con la historia de la filosofía y con la historia de las (...) ideas en general? ¿Cuáles son sus vínculos con la institucionalización y profesionalización de la filosofía y con la comunidad filosófica? son algunas de las preguntas planteadas.En nuestro medio y en general en la comunidad filosófica hispano parlante, la aparición de la obra póstuma de Eduardo Rabossi En el comienzo Dios creó el canon. Biblia berolinensis en la que su autor aborda con originalidad y agudeza esta temática, ha resultado ser un estimulante disparador para el examen y discusión de la cuestión que nos ocupa. Rabossi declaró que se daba por satisfecho si lograba incentivar la polémica. Creemos que lo ha logrado ampliamente. Este número de Análisis Filosófico es una prueba de ello; en él recogemos parte de la reflexión que ha provocado el desafío lanzado por Rabossi. (shrink)

La realización de homenajes a figuras apreciadas del mundo académico impone el reto de seleccionar cuál sea el contenido de lo presentado en el evento para que éste se constituya en una auténtica muestra de reconocimiento de sus méritos.En ocasión de la mesa de homenaje a Gregorio Klimovsky, organizada por la Universidad Torcuato Di Tella a instancias de Guillermo Ranea, y convocada en el seno de las XX Jornadas de Epistemología e Historia de la Ciencia, el 26 de noviembre de (...) 2009, en La Falda (Córdoba), Alberto Moretti y Alejandro Cassini, plasmaron la mejor opción. Ambos eligieron analizar tesis filosóficas defendidas por el recordado y querido maestro, tanto en su obra como en las distintas ocasiones de diálogo que mantuvo con pares y discípulos. Se trató de la mejor elección porque de este modo no sólo ambos contribuyen a la difusión de las ideas de Klimovsky sino también, y con gran cuidado analítico, las conjugan con otras doctrinas presentes en el escenario filosófico contemporáneo, destacando así su actualidad y valía. (shrink)

The relationships between philosophy and its history have been discussed at great length along the last decades. We analyze some aspects of this debate. Particularly, we question the thesis according to which to know history of philosophy is a necessary condition for doing philosophy. We disclose some assumptions, generally implicit ones, strongly related to it.

[No hay resumen disponible, se incluyen los primerso párrafos del texto] Hace ya mucho tiempo algunos amigos de alrededor de treinta años comenzamos a estudiar filosofía bajo la dirección de Gregorio Klimovsky. Muy pronto uno de nosotros se destacó por su capacidad creadora y su curiosidad filosófica: era Juan Larreta. Es así que, a pesar de haber iniciado tarde su formación, descolló como filósofo de mérito tanto en la Argentina como en el exterior. Presidente de la Sociedad Argentina de Análisis (...) Filosófico (SADAF) durante dos períodos, obtuvo el Diploma al M érito en Filosofía de la Fundación Konex en el 2006 y fue nombrado miembro honorario de la Sociedad Española de Filosofía Analítica (SEFA) en 2010. Organizó seminarios y dictó conferencias en centros de estudios filosóficos y en universidades argentinas y extranjeras, en cuyas publicaciones escribió numerosos artículos de singular valía, todos ellos caracterizados por su originalidad, su irreverente desafío al sentido común y sus ingeniosos experimentos mentales (thought experiments). Esta despedida dolorosa se empeña en acercar a la memoria recuerdos queridos de circunstancias compartidas con este amigo excepcional. fue nuestro centro: en su casa organizó, durante muchos años, seminarios de filosofía, de economía y, junto con María Elisa, esas reuniones cinéfilas de divertidas, sorprendentes y variadas interpretaciones... (shrink)

Adolescence is the period of growth between childhood and adulthood. This period of development, which goes from 13 to 18 years, is usually presented as critical, due to the profound modifications of physiological and psychological order in this research we worked with a sample of 60 students, from Secondary School No. 8, morning and evening shift. An instrument was made with 45 variables, 5 of them signalytic: age, gender, an average of the previous cycle, performing some extracurricular activity, and shift. (...) The information was processed in the SPSS and STATISTIC programs. The conclusions showed that the student, by showing a need to learn, is able to develop different academic skills through different factors, such as motivation, thus improving their school performance. Thus proposes the development of an intervention model, for training teachers, on motivation methods in the classroom; As well as conferences on the importance of the topic of adolescent motivation and the factors involved in improving academic performance, teachers and parents will be taught and publicity will be developed on the importance of school motivation in adolescents and how it intervenes from home, at school and how this influences academic results. (shrink)

Revisión del libro La nueva izquierda en la historia reciente argentina. Debates conceptuales y análisis de experiencias por M. C. Tortti y M. González Canosa (dirs.) y J. A. Bozza (Coord.).

The diagnosis of idiopathic short stature refers to children who are considerably shorter than average without any identified medical reason. The US Food and Drug Administration authorised marketing of recombinant human growth hormone for ISS in 2003, while the European Medicines Agency refused it in 2007. This paper examines the arguments for these decisions as detailed in selected FDA and EMA documents. It combines argumentative analysis with an approach to policy analysis called ‘What’s the problem represented to be’. It argues (...) that the FDA presents its approval as an argument for equity of access to the treatment, describing short stature as a potential disadvantage, and assuming that height normalisation is a clinically meaningful result. The EMA, instead, refuses marketing authorisation with an argument that there is an imbalance of risks and benefits, describing ISS as a healthy condition, and arguing that hGH should provide some psychosocial and/or quality of life benefits to children with ISS other than height gain. This paper then discusses how these arguments could be read through different models of disability, particularly through the medical model of disability and the relational, experiential, and cultural understandings of disability. (shrink)

In the ongoing pandemic, death statistics influence people’s feelings and government policy. But when does COVID-19 qualify as the cause of death? As philosophers of medicine interested in conceptual clarification, we address the question by analyzing the World Health Organization’s rules for the certification of death. We show that for COVID-19, WHO rules take into account both facts and values.

The general definition of mental disorder stated in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders seems to identify a mental disorder with a harmful dysfunction. However, the presence of distress or disability, which may be bracketed as the presence of harm, is taken to be merely usual, and thus not a necessary requirement: a mental disorder can be diagnosed as such even if there is no harm at all. In this paper, we focus on the (...) harm requirement. First, we clarify what it means to say that the harm requirement is not necessary for defining the general concept of mental disorder. In this respect, we briefly examine the two components of harm, distress and disability, and then trace a distinction between mental disorder tokens and mental disorder types. Second, we argue that the decision not to regard the harm requirement as a necessary criterion for mental disorder is tenable for a number of practical and theoretical reasons, some pertaining to conceptual issues surrounding the two components of harm and others pertaining to the problem of false negatives and the status of psychiatry vis-à-vis somatic medicine. However, we believe that the harm requirement can be maintained among the specific diagnostic criteria of certain individual mental disorders. More precisely, we argue that insofar as the harm requirement is needed among the specific diagnostic criteria of certain individual mental disorders, it should be unpacked and clarified. (shrink)

Reason and rationality represent crucial elements of the self-image of human beings and have unquestionably been among the most debated issues in Western philosophy, dating from ancient Greece, through the Middle Ages, and to the present day. Many words and thoughts have already been spent trying to define the nature and standards of reason and rationality, what they could or ought to be, and under what conditions something can be said to be rational. This volume focuses instead on the relationships (...) of reason and rationality to some relevant specific topics, i.e., science, knowledge, gender, politics, ethics, religion, aesthetics, language, logic, and metaphysics, trying to uncover and clarify both the connections and differences in their various characterisations and uses. (shrink)

Background Only a few studies have been conducted to assess physicians’ knowledge of legal standards. Nevertheless, prior research has demonstrated a dearth of medical law knowledge. Our study explored physicians’ awareness of legal provisions concerning informed consent and confidentiality, which are essential components of the physician-patient relationship of trust. -/- Methods A cross-sectional study assessed attending physicians’ legal knowledge of informed consent and confidentiality regulations. The study was conducted in nine hospitals in Dolj County, Romania. Physicians were given a questionnaire (...) with ten scenarios and instructed to select the response that best reflected their practice. We assessed the responses of physicians who claimed their practice to be entirely legal. Their legal knowledge was evaluated by comparing their answers to applicable laws. We also calculated a score for the physicians who admitted to committing a legal breach. -/- Results Of the 305 respondents, 275 declared they never committed any law violation. However, their median correct answer score was 5.35 ± 1.66 out of 10. The specialty was the strongest predictor of legal knowledge, with emergency physicians rating the lowest and non-surgical physicians scoring the highest. Physicians who worked in both private and public sectors were better knowledgeable about legal issues than those who worked exclusively in the public sector. Results indicate that physicians are aware of the patient’s right to informed consent but lack comprehensive understanding. While most physicians correctly answered simple questions, only a tiny minority identified the correct solution when confronted with ethical dilemmas. The physicians who acknowledged breaching the law, on the other hand, had a slightly higher knowledge score at 5.45 ± 2.18. -/- Conclusion Legal compliance remains relatively low due to insufficient legal awareness. Physicians display limited awareness of legal requirements governing patient autonomy, confidentiality, and access to health data. Law should be taught in all medical schools, including undergraduate programs, to increase physicians’ legal knowledge and compliance. (shrink)

O objetivo do presente texto é apresentar algumas das críticas que Origens do Totalitarismo de Hannah Arendt recebeu e as discussões que suscitaram, demonstrando as dificuldades de compreender o sistema totalitário e a novidade que a interpretação de Arendt gerou. Entre os principais críticos estão Raymond Aron, Waldemar Gurian, Kurt Blumenfeld, Eric Voegelin e Karl Jaspers. Serão apresentadas algumas das críticas para, em seguida, estabelecer a discussão a partir da argumentação contida nos textos de Arendt. Serão utilizadas como principais referências (...) as obras de Arendt Origens do Totalitarismo e A condição humana, os textos “Compreensão e política”, “Sobre a natureza do totalitarismo: uma tentativa de compreensão”, “A tradição e a época moderna”, “O conceito de história: antigo e moderno”, “Que é autoridade” e “Uma réplica a Eric Voegelin”. Também serão utilizadas as cartas de Arendt com Karl Jaspers e Kurt Blumenfeld e alguns dos textos dos críticos. As biografias sobre Arendt de Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, Sylvie Courtine-Dénamy e Laure Adler e textos de Odílio Alves Aguiar e Daiane Eccel serão utilizadas como fontes importantes. Concluiu-se que Arendt desafiava a compreensão ao não simplesmente descrever os acontecimentos, mas ao realizar aquilo que acreditava ser a própria filosofia, um exercício de pensamento. (shrink)

Discute-se a capacidade humana de estabelecer novos começos no mundo. A pergunta que orienta a discussão refere-se à possibilidade da dignidade da política em tempos sombrios e em tempos de crise da democracia e do estado de direito. Parte-se do pressuposto de que a garantia da liberdade compõe o fundamento do Estado Democrático de Direitos, portanto a liberdade deve ser assegurada. No intuito de compreender a liberdade como pressuposto da democracia, objetiva-se elucidar a capacidade humana de trazer a novidade ao (...) mundo, de começar, de iniciar. Para tal utiliza-se como fundamentação teórica os estudos de Hannah Arendt acerca da atividade da ação – onde se faz imprescindível o discurso – e da capacidade de começar; a partir disso busca-se compreender a liberdade. Aponta-se que a dignidade da política encontra resposta na liberdade como o sentido da fundação das comunidades políticas e na possibilidade humana do estabelecimento de novos começos. (shrink)

Philosophers of medicine have formulated different accounts of the concept of disease. Which concept of disease one assumes has implications for what conditions count as diseases and, by extension, who may be regarded as having a disease and for who may be accorded the social privileges and personal responsibilities associated with being sick. In this article, we consider an ideal diagnostic test for coronavirus disease 2019 infection with respect to four groups of people—positive and asymptomatic; positive and symptomatic; negative; and (...) untested—and show how different concepts of disease impact on the disease and sickness judgements for these groups. The suggestion is that sickness judgements and social measures akin to those experienced during the current COVID-19 outbreak presuppose a concept of disease containing social harm as a component. We indicate the problems that arise when adopting this kind of disease concept beyond a state of emergency. (shrink)

A través de los escritos de Rilke que describen la misión del poeta y de la filosofía de Heidegger que trata de descifrar el sentido del Ser a través del lenguaje, este escrito intenta aproximarse al acontecimiento que tiene lugar en la creación poética. Partiendo de su labor transicional entre el territorio de lo inhóspito y el de lo familiar, se expondrá el modo en que la poesía apela a los orígenes subterráneos, así como la conexión que establece entre el (...) individuo y el mundo a través del amor intransitivo. A continuación, se pasará a analizar el proceso de creación en tanto salto que tiene lugar en un estado de apertura, consumado en la transformación de lo visible en invisible que el poeta lleva a cabo incorporando la realidad y en la figura del ángel de Rilke. Finalmente, se tratará de dar cuenta de la crisis provocada por el imperio de la técnica surgido a partir de la Modernidad, que amenaza con suprimir toda posibilidad de creación artística a través de dominio, fabricación y transparencia. (shrink)

Savant aux intérêts multiples--historiques, scientifiques et religieux, connu et estimé dans l'Europe du XVIIIe siècle, bien qu'ayant très peu publié de son vivant, Firmin Abauzit reste à beaucoup d'égards un mystère. Comment ce réfugié huguenot, arrivé à Genève encore enfant après la révocation de l'édit de Nantes, a-t-il pu bénéficier d'une réputation flatteuse dans la ville d'accueil alors que ses opinions hétérodoxes sur la trinité ou la christologie ou les prophéties bibliques étaient notoires? Au-delà des étiquettes faciles, quelle était la (...) nature exacte de son hétérodoxie? Comment sa légendaire 'modestie', qui lui a fait refuser honneurs et charges publiques, se concilie-t-elle avec le fait de laisser copier et circuler abondamment en Europe ses manuscrits? Quel rapport existe-t-il entre une telle circulation et son refus obstiné d'autoriser la publication de ses travaux? Comment interpréter, dans son cas, la tension entre réputation et publication? À ces questions, souvent escamotées ou abordées dans une visée hagiographique, le volume répond par une réflexion large qui croise l'histoire des religions, de la littérature, de la philosophie et du fait religieux. Une approche qui intègre des aspects peu ou pas du tout étudiés de la vaste production de l'auteur, tels que le rapport entre idolâtrie et religion, ou sa lecture de textes déistes anglais, ou encore ses écrits de controverse confessionnelle, mais qui reprend aussi, en les renouvelant, des thèmes plus classiques, comme la célèbre note de Rousseau sur Abauzit philosophe ou les éditions concurrentes qui ont été publiées peu après la mort du savant"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

La question de la légitimité et de la faisabilité de l’examen religieux – l’un des sujets principaux de la controverse confessionnelle en France au XVIIe siècle – traverse l’ensemble du corpus baylien. Étroitement lié à des questions cruciales comme celle de la nature des vérités divines, des dispositions éthiques du croyant et du statut de la Bible, l’examen religieux est en réalité pour Bayle un oxymore, qui tente de concilier ce qui est antithétique, à savoir l’examen philosophique et la croyance.

Most of the epidemiological models of the Covid-19 pandemic contain the reproduction number as a parameter. In this article we focus on some shortcomings regarding its role in driving health policies and political decisions. First, we summarize what R is and what it is used for. Second, we introduce a three-question matrix for the evaluation of any construct or parameter within a model. We then review the main literature about R to highlight some of its shortcomings and apply to them (...) our three-question matrix. Finally, we argue that these shortcomings are important for an epistemic and political evaluation of R. (shrink)

Qual é o objeto da lógica? Seria a arte de bem conduzir o discurso? Mas conduzí-lo para onde, com que finalidade? Haveria uma normatividade independente, que definisse o racional independente do real? É Lacan que pergunta e nos responde no sem. XIX: “eu proponho definir o objeto da lógica como aquilo que produz a necessidade de um discurso. E afirmo que o simbólico, o imaginário e o real se afirmam nos impasses da lógica. ” (LACAN, 2011, p. 40). Muitos comentadores (...) encaram os recursos lógicos de Lacan como uma provocação, mas entendo que não, pois são muito coerentes com seus princípios, tanto lógicos, quanto linguísticos, antropológicos e principalmente matemáticos. (shrink)

In 2003, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of growth hormone treatment for idiopathic short stature children, i.e. children shorter than average due to an unknown medical cause. Given the absence of any pathological conditions, this decision has been contested as a case of medicalisation. The aim of this paper is to broaden the debate over the reasons for and against the treatment, to include considerations of the sociocultural phenomenon of the medicalisation of short stature, by means of (...) a critical understanding of the concept of medicalisation. After defining my understanding of medicalisation and describing both the treatment and the condition of idiopathic short stature, I will problematise two fundamental issues: the medical/non-medical distinction and the debate about the goals of medicine. I will analyse them, combining perspectives of bioethics, medical sociology, philosophy of medicine and medical literature, and I will suggest that there are different levels of normativity of medicalisation. Ultimately, this study shows that: the definition of idiopathic short stature, focusing only on actual height measurement, does not provide enough information to assess the need for treatment or not; the analysis of the goals of medicine should be broadened to include justifications for the treatment; the use of growth hormone for idiopathic short stature involves strong interests from different stakeholders. While the treatment might be beneficial for some children, it is necessary to be vigilant about possible misconduct at different levels of medicalisation. (shrink)

Background: The intensive care unit environment focuses on interventions and support therapies that prolong life. The exercise by nurses of their autonomy impacts on perception of the role they assume in the multidisciplinary team and on their function in the intensive care unit context. There is much international research relating to nurses’ involvement in end-of-life situations; however, there is a paucity of research in this area in Brazil. In the Brazilian medical scenario, life support limitation generated a certain reluctance of (...) a legal nature, which has now become unjustifiable with the publication of a resolution by the Federal Medical Council. In Brazil, the lack of medical commitments to end-of-life care is evident. Objective: To understand the process by which nurses exercise autonomy in making end-of-life decisions in intensive care units. Research design: Symbolic Interactionism and Corbin and Strauss theory methodology were used for this study. Participants and research context: Data were collected through single audio-recorded qualitative interviews with 14 critical care nurses. The comparative analysis of the data has permitted the understanding of the meaning of nurse’s experience in exercising autonomy relating to end-of-life decision-making. Ethical considerations: Institutional ethics approval was obtained for data collection. Participants gave informed consent. All data were anonymized. Findings: The results revealed that nurses experience the need to exercise autonomy in intensive care units on a daily basis. Their experience expressed by the process of increase opportunities to exercise autonomy is conditioned by the pressure of the intensive care unit environment, in which nurses can grow, feel empowered, and exercise their autonomy or else can continuously depend on the decisions made by other professionals. Conclusion: Nurses exercise their autonomy through care. They work to create new spaces at the same time that they acquire new knowledge and make decisions. Because of the complexity of the end-of-life situation, nurses must adopt a proactive attitude that inserts them into the decision-making process. (shrink)

Over the last three quarters of a century, international guidelines and regulations have undergone significant changes in how children are problematised as participants in biomedical research. While early guidelines enacted children as vulnerable subjects with diminished autonomy and in need of special protection, beginning in the early 2000s, international regulatory frameworks defined the paediatric population as vulnerable due to unaddressed public health needs. More recently, ethical recommendations have promoted the active engagement of minors as research partners. In this paper, I (...) adopt a post-structuralist approach to policy analysis to examine deep-seated assumptions and presuppositions underlying the changes in the problematisation of children as biomedical research participants over time. While biomedical research ethics focuses on the autonomy and vulnerability of minors, ethical guidelines are situated in specific sociocultural contexts, shaped, among other things, by contingent public health needs and changing conceptions of the value of research and science for society. In the process, I demonstrate the challenge of moving away from an approach that in taking adults as the model overshadows the complexity of children’s lived experiences as well as their personal, cultural, and social lives. The lack of acknowledgement of this complexity makes children vulnerable to epistemic injustice, which is particularly crucial to address in public involvement initiatives. (shrink)

En este trabajo analizo la concepción de Eugenio Bulygin respecto de aquellos enunciados jurídicos que afirman que una cierta acción es jurídicamente obligatoria, prohibida o permitida. Conforme a Bulygin, estos enunciados son ambiguos. Ellos pueden ser enunciados empíricos externos que afirman la existencia o validez de una norma, o pueden ser enunciados normativos internos que expresan una norma, o una actitud moral absoluta. En el trabajo sostengo que, para una concepción positivista, si el derecho es concebido como un conjunto de (...) normas, los enunciados bajo análisis no enuncian un hecho empírico, pero tampoco expresan una actitud moral absoluta. Ellos ciertamente enuncian un hecho normativo: la validez o existencia jurídica de una entidad normativa, que es relativa a un determinado tiempo y lugar. En mi opinión, la dificultad de Bulygin para admitir este tipo de enunciados se debe fundamentalmente a la presuposición de una falsa dicotomía entre dos modos en los que una entidad puede existir: uno empírico y otro normativo. Con el fin de criticar esta aparente dicotomía presento brevemente una concepción constructivista de la existencia de normas. Si mi razonamiento es correcto, esta concepción es adecuada para explicar, desde una perspectiva teórica positivista, aquellos enunciados que expresan el hecho normativo de la existencia o validez jurídica de una norma. In this paper I analyze Bulygin's conception of those legal statements asserting that a certain action is legally obligatory, prohibited or permitted. According to Bulygin, these statements are ambiguous. They can be external, empirical statements expressing the existence or validity of a legal norm, but they can also be internal, normative statements expressing a norm or an absolute, moral attitude. In the paper I attempt to defend that for a positivist theory, if law is conceived as a set of norms, this kind of statements do not report an empirical fact, but do not express an absolute moral attitude either. They surely assert a normative fact: the legal existence or validity of a normative entity, which is relative to a certain time and place. In my view, Bulygin's failure to see this point is fundamentally due to the assumption of a false dichotomy between two ways in which an entity can exist: one empirical, the other normative. In order to criticize this apparent dichotomy, I briefly sketch a constructivist conception in which we can say that legal norms exist. If my reasoning is correct, this conception is apt to explain those statements expressing the normative fact that a norm exists or is legally valid. (shrink)

La primera parte de este artículo se refiere a las reglas que definen la autoridad legislativa suprema de un orden jurídico. En esta primera parte, además, el artículo se ocupa de algunas distinciones: entre normas y meta-normas, entre reglas legisladas y reglas consuetudinarias, y entre reglas constitutivas y reglas regulativas; todo ello con el objetivo de determinar a cuál de estas categorías pertenecen las reglas que definen la autoridad legislativa suprema de un orden jurídico. La conclusión es que las reglas (...) básicas que definen las autoridades legislativas supremas de cada orden jurídico existente, son necesariamente meta-normas constitutivas con naturaleza consuetudinaria. En la segunda parte de este artículo se toman en consideración los diferentes contenidos posibles de las reglas últimas que definen la autoridad legislativa. Sobre esta base, se distinguen cuatro modelos de sistema jurídico y autoridad legislativa: los que se corresponden con la autoridad absoluta y con la autoridad moral, y los que se corresponden con el estado de derecho y con el estado constitucional. En este sentido, se ofrecen algunas consideraciones: por un lado, para hacer referencia a la específica noción de autoridad que opera dentro del estado constitucional; y, por otro lado, para formular una puntual crítica a la distinción teórica entre autoridad constituyente y autoridad constituida. Según el análisis provisto en este artículo, cada autoridad es una autoridad constituida. En particular, las autoridades legislativas supremas son constituidas por normas constitutivas consuetudinarias que están fuera del alcance de las propias autoridades y que no dependen de la decisión o de la voluntad de ningún individuo en particular. | El original en inglés de este artículo fue publicado en Revus 29: 33-60. (shrink)